THE human body is home to trillions of microorganisms. These trillions of microorganisms present in the human body are referred to as the human microbiome. The human microbiome is a diverse collection of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microorganisms residing in various parts of the human body, primarily in the gut, skin, mouth, breast milk and reproductive organs. This complex network of microbes interacts with our cells, genes, and immune system, fostering a delicate balance that supports numerous physiological functions and play a very massive role in the health and wellbeing of individuals. Often overlooked or perhaps not even understood or known, but immensely influential, the microbiome plays a crucial role in shaping our overall health and well-being. In this article, we delve into the fascinating world of the microbiome, trying to explore its impact on human health, and shedding light on the significance and importance of nurturing this invisible ally within us.
Among the various microbiomes that exist within the human body, the gut (stomach, small intestines and large intestines) microbiome stands out as a major player and driver of human health and wellbeing. The gut microbiome comprises a vast array of bacterial species, and it acts as a partner, aiding in digestion, production of essential vitamins such as Vitamin K, and can even have an influence on mood and behaviour. Moreover, the gut microbiome plays a pivotal role in regulating the immune system of individuals, protecting against infections, and preventing the human system from being colonized by harmful, illness and infection causing microorganism called pathogens by competing for resources and crowding out these harmful bacteria. The gut microbiome acts as a vigilant guardian, training and fine-tuning the immune system in what is referred to as immune system modulation. This helps the immune system to recognize and combat harmful invaders effectively. A well balanced and diverse gut microbiome can help reduce the risk of allergies and other diseases especially diseases of the aging process. Science has also been able to discover surprisingly, that the microbiome in the human gut have a connection or relationship with the brain.
This connection works in such a manner that the composition and balance in the gut microbiome can affect the mental health of a person. This is science is called the gut- brain axis connection. In simpler terms this means that what a person consumes overtime and the kind of microorganisms present in the gut can affect the mental health and state of the individual. Research has shown that the gut microbiome can affect the ability of the brain to function optimally, affect mood, increase anxiety levels and even affect cognition which is the ability and capacity for intellectual thought processes, perception, language etc. Imbalances in the gut microbiome have been linked to conditions such as depression and other serious mental health issues. A disrupted gut microbiome which is a situation where there is a serious imbalance in the composition and evenness of the microbiome can lead to gastrointestinal disorders like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and constipation. This imbalance in the gut microbiome can be caused by various situations such as illness, poor nutrition, eating at wrong hours, over eating, lack of exercise, poor sleeping habits, irresponsible use of antibiotics etc. Studies have shown a link between an imbalanced gut microbiome and obesity.
The microbiome can influence how the body processes food, impacting weight management and metabolism Nurturing a healthy gut microbiome is important and this can be effected through a balanced diet and the use of probiotics (good bacteria which improves the immune system) can be found in Yoghurts or many of our fermented Nigerian local foods such as Ogbono, ewedu, Ogiri, Iru, Dankwa etc. Probiotics can help to alleviate some of all these health issues mentioned above. Consuming a diverse range of whole foods, including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and fermented foods are essential to maintain a balanced microbiome. This will provide essential nutrients and promote a diverse gut microbiome. While antibiotics are valuable in treating bacterial infections, overuse can harm the delicate balance of the gut microbiome. The use of antibiotics should discouraged except when totally necessary and in such cases there must be the responsible use of antibiotics as prescribed by a healthcare professional. Research has shown that breastfeeding favours the development of a balanced and rich microbiome in infants and children. This means that breastfeeding must be encouraged in women especially exclusive breastfeeding as this helps the infants to develop a balanced microbiome and by extension better immune systems.
Vaginal deliveries favour a balanced microbiome in infants. Science has revealed that the passage of the infant through the birth canal helps to colonise the infant with certain organisms from their mothers. These organisms help in modulating the immune system of the infant and such infants grow to possess a more resilient immune system than their peers who were born through caesarean deliveries. This means that as much as is possible, women should be encouraged to undergo vaginal deliveries except of course in cases where such deliveries are not possible or life threatening in nature. Aside from individual efforts, public health initiatives can play a pivotal role in promoting microbiome-friendly environments. Governments and individuals must work hard in providing access to clean water, sanitation, and good nutrition as this can positively impact microbiome’s health at a community level. The government at federal , state and local government levels must work to provide safety nets for the poor when it comes to access to social amenities. This will help to improve the overall health of the population in Nigeria.
In conclusion, the human microbiome is a vibrant world of microorganisms that profoundly impacts our health and well-being. In Nigeria and beyond, the growing awareness of the microbiome’s role in human health offers hope for better healthcare strategies and disease management. As research progresses, let us embrace the vast potential of microbiome science to usher in a healthier and brighter future for all.
- Dr. Umezurike is a lecturer at the Department of Biological sciences Lead City University Ibadan
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